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MEDICINE RESEARCH / SYRIAN RUE

SYRIAN RUE
Library

Botany, traditional medicine, beta-carboline chemistry, enzyme inhibition, safety, South Asian contexts and the debated Soma/Haoma identification.

Whole plants, seed extracts, isolated alkaloids, in-vitro assays, human studies and historical-linguistic hypotheses are separated by source type.

CURATED SOURCE LIBRARY

Syrian rue resources

12 resources
  1. 01
    Narrative reviewDetailed introduction

    A broad review of Syrian rue: botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality markers and toxicity

    Peganum harmala L.: A Review of Botany, Traditional Use, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Quality Marker, and Toxicity

    A broad entry point covering botany, traditional use, constituents, preclinical pharmacology, quality control and toxicity, including its place in Chinese medicine.

    Li LN. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. 2024;27(6):797-822.

  2. 02
    Open-access narrative reviewDetailed introduction

    Review of the pharmacology of Syrian rue and its principal alkaloids

    Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Peganum harmala and its main alkaloids

    An open review of traditional uses and studies of beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmine and harmaline, useful for separating whole-plant evidence from isolated-compound evidence.

    Moloudizargari M, et al. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2013;7(14):199-212.

  3. 03
    Traditional-medicine reviewDetailed introduction

    Syrian rue in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy

    Medicinal properties of Peganum harmala L. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy: a review

    A review comparing uses recorded in traditional Iranian sources with modern studies. It documents a clearer Iranian/Persian medical lineage than a specifically Ayurvedic one.

    Mina CN, Farzaei MH, Gholamreza A. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2015;35(1):104-109.

  4. 04
    In-vitro analytical and enzyme studyDetailed introduction

    Beta-carbolines in Syrian rue and in-vitro inhibition of human MAO

    beta-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO)

    A chemical and enzyme study identifying major beta-carbolines in extracts and testing inhibition of human MAO-A/MAO-B in vitro; important for mechanism and interaction analysis.

    Herraiz T, et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010;48(3):839-845.

  5. 05
    Retrospective poison-center seriesDetailed introduction

    Two hundred Syrian rue poisoning reports from Morocco

    Peganum harmala L. poisoning in Morocco: about 200 cases

    A retrospective analysis of 200 reports collected from 1984 to 2008, documenting neurological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular signs and outcomes; a core safety source.

    Achour S, et al. Therapie. 2012;67(1):53-58.

  6. 06
    In-vitro metabolism studyDetailed introduction

    CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibition by harmine-related beta-carbolines

    Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes 3A4 and 2D6 by β-carboline alkaloids, harmine derivatives

    A human-liver-microsome study of possible CYP3A4/CYP2D6 inhibition by several beta-carbolines, relevant to mechanism-based interaction assessment.

    Zhao T, et al. Phytotherapy Research. 2011;25(11):1671-1677.

  7. 07
    Single-blind randomized trialDetailed introduction

    A small randomized trial of Syrian rue seed capsules for urinary symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia

    Impact of oral capsule of Peganum harmala on alleviating urinary symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia; a randomized clinical trial

    A single-blind, three-group, four-week study in 90 participants. It is rare direct human evidence, but its design and reported values require careful source-level reading.

    Shirani-Boroujeni M, et al. Journal of Renal Injury Prevention. 2017;6(2):127-131.

  8. 08
    Analytical quality-control studyDetailed introduction

    Syrian rue seed in Indian systems of medicine: HPTLC quantification of four alkaloids

    High-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometric method for the quantification of harmine, harmaline, vasicine, and vasicinone in Peganum harmala

    An Indian analytical study validating a quality-control method for harmine, harmaline, vasicine and vasicinone; the abstract calls the seed a reputed drug of Indian systems of medicine.

    Pulpati H, Biradar YS, Rajani M. Journal of AOAC International. 2008;91(5):1179-1185.

  9. 09
    In-vitro antimicrobial studyDetailed introduction

    Syrian rue in an in-vitro screen of local medicinal plants against Karachi clinical isolates

    Antibacterial activity in spices and local medicinal plants against clinical isolates of Karachi, Pakistan

    An in-vitro screen of 27 plants described collectively as used in folklore, Ayurvedic and traditional medicine; Syrian rue seed extract was among the materials tested.

    Ali NH, Faizi S, Kazmi SU. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2011;49(8):833-839.

  10. 10
    Open-access narrative reviewDetailed introduction

    Review of antimicrobial and antiparasitic research on Syrian rue and its constituents

    Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Antiparasitic Activities of Peganum harmala and Its Ingredients: A Review

    An open review of studies on Peganum and its constituents against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites, providing a map of targets and proposed mechanisms.

    Zhu Z, Zhao S, Wang C. Molecules. 2022;27(13):4161.

  11. 11
    Scholarly monograph and identification hypothesisDetailed introduction

    Haoma and Harmaline: the hypothesis identifying Soma/Haoma with Syrian rue

    Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen ‘Soma’ and Its Legacy in Religion, Language, and Middle-Eastern Folklore

    A historical-linguistic and ethnobotanical monograph linking the shared Indo-Iranian sacred plant/drink Soma-Haoma to Syrian rue and harmaline. It concerns the older Vedic/Iranian ritual world, not Ayurveda itself.

    Flattery DS, Schwartz M. University of California Press; 1989. University of California Publications: Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 21.

  12. 12
    Editorial source auditDetailed introduction

    Source audit for Syrian rue in a consolidated OCR copy of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India consolidated OCR source check for Peganum harmala

    An editorial audit reporting no matches for Peganum, harmala, Harmal, Isband or Isfand in the consolidated OCR text. It is retained as a negative search result to avoid asserting Ayurvedic canonical inclusion.

    Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, consolidated OCR copy hosted by Internet Archive. Editorial source audit conducted 2026-07-22.